英文 vigilance (警戒) 源自拉丁文 vigil 或 vigilantia,意思是 keep awake (保持醒著) ,它是動物 (尤其是被獵食者) 會出現的一種行為或狀態,密切注意著周圍環境有任何潛在威脅,準備隨時做出反應。加上字首 hyper- (超-)就成了 hypervigilance (過度警戒),也就是對周圍環境極度警覺的狀態,會不斷的掃描或探查,以確保安全。其他相關症狀還有:對潛在威脅的關注、驚跳反射增強、瞳孔張大、心率加快、血壓升高、對特定情境的迴避行為。
The word “vigilance” comes from Latin vigil (or vigilantia), meaning ‘keep awake’. Vigilance represents a state or behaviour that allows prey to monitor their surroundings for potential threats. With the prefix hyper-, it becomes "hypervigilance", which refers to a state of extreme alertness and awareness of one's surroundings, characterised by a constant scanning behaviour to keep safe. Other symptoms include fixation on potential threats, increased startle reflex, dilated pupils, higher heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and behavioural avoidance of certain situations.
Hypervigilance (過度警戒) 和睡眠醫學裡的一個詞很像:hyperarousal (過度喚醒),兩者相關但不一樣。Hyperarousal (過度喚醒) 是身體對威脅做好準備的一種方式,它會使人對壓力源做出快速、極端和持久的反應。其他相關症狀還有:蔓延的緊張感、睡眠困難 (睡不著、淺眠、頻繁醒來⋯)、注意力不集中、肌肉緊張。
Hypervigilance is very similar to the term, “hyperarousal,” in sleep medicine. The two are related but not the same. Hyperarousal is body's way of remaining prepared for a threat, characterised by a rapid, extreme, and prolonged reaction to stressors. Other symptoms include pervasive jittery feelings, difficulty sleeping, inability to concentrate, and muscle tension.
Hyperarousal (過度喚醒) 是身體對壓力的生理反應,而 hypervigilance (過度警戒) 是一種極度警覺的狀態,有時也是過度喚醒的相關症狀。過度喚醒和過度警戒可能是對緊急事態的適應性反應,但如果情況解除後它們仍持續存在,就可能導致不良影響。例如創傷後壓力症候群 (PTSD) 引起的高度警戒常常被誤認為是偏執狂,但高度警戒的人通常能夠意識到自己的症狀。
Hyperarousal is a body's physiological response to stress, while hypervigilance is a state of extreme alertness that can be a symptom of hyperarousal. Hyperarousal and hypervigilance can be adaptive responses to emergencies, but can be debilitating if they persist after the emergency has passed. Hypervigilance from PTSD can often be mistaken for paranoia, but a hypervigilant person is usually aware of their symptoms.
如何知道一個人是否呈現過度警戒 (hypervigilance) 呢?睡眠的腦波圖呈現的CAP型態,可以看出一個人的警戒程度,而 CAP 也被認為是睡眠不穩定的腦波標誌。
How do you know if a person is hypervigilant? The “CAP” displayed in one’s sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) is a good tool for measuring vigilance level and a marker of sleep instability.
CAP 是 cyclic alternating pattern (睡眠週期變動型態) 的英文縮寫,是睡眠中 (處於沒有外界感官刺激的狀態) 大腦皮質自動產生的活動模式,在腦波圖上呈現的是兩個波相,以高達每分鐘一個週期的頻率不斷交替。
The cyclic alternating pattern (abbreviated CAP) is a pattern of two long-lasting alternate EEG patterns that recur with a frequency of up to one minute during sleep. It is a pattern of spontaneous cortical activity which is ongoing and occurs in the absence of sensory stimulation.
在清醒時,我們的左腦、右腦、大腦皮質與腦幹之間,會一直不停的交換訊息,而當我們睡著了,這種訊息交流的頻率會逐漸降低,但不會完全停止。睡眠腦波出現一個鐘頭10幾次,每次約持續3~10秒,頻率與振幅都較高的波,就是一種 micro-arousal (微覺醒) ,類似大腦在睡眠期間派出的「哨兵」,裡裡外外的巡視身體是否有恙。當一個微覺醒出現,不同腦區之間溝通的門便會暫時打開。隨著警戒程度的升高,這些門必須在睡眠中開啟的頻率就會增加,這種週期性波相變動的現象就稱為 CAP。
When we awake, our left brain, right brain, cerebral cortex and brainstem constantly communicate. When we fall asleep, the frequency of message exchange will gradually decrease, but will not completely stop. Excited brain activities appear as brain waves with higher frequency and amplitude and are a kind of micro-arousals. They happen several times an hour, each lasting about 3 to 10 seconds. They are the "sentinels" sent by the brain during sleep, inspecting the body inside and out to see if there is any need for an alert. When a micro-arousal occurs, the “doors” between different brain areas are temporarily opened. As the vigilance level increases, the frequency with which these doors must be opened during sleep increases. This phenomenon of cyclic wave phase changes is called Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP).
CAP只出現在NREM (非快速動眼睡眠期),而不會發生在REM (快速動眼睡眠) ,可以說它是一種NREM的微結構。CAP包含兩個波相:A 和 B,組成連續循環序列。A相屬於「相位型」(phasic)事件,為非連續性的波相,A相顯示腦部正在訊息重整,整合內部和外部輸入的刺激 (體內的狀況,以及睡覺的環境給身體的刺激),同步作持續的適應與調整;B相則是每個A相之間的背景節律。
CAP is found during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and an NREM sleep microstructure. It does not occur during rapid eye movement sleep (REM). CAP is organized into sequences of successive cycles composed of two phases, A and B. Phase A involves phasic events, in other words, not continuous. Phase A allow adaptive adjustments of ongoing states to internal and external inputs. Phase B refers to background rhythm during CAP.
A相又可細分成A1、A2、A3三個亞型,A1亞型代表「促進睡眠、抑制喚醒」,A2和A3亞型代表「喚醒」,因為它們的波動幅度更大、更久,足以讓人真的醒來。
Phase A has 3 subtypes: A1, A2, and A3. The A1 subtype represents "sleep-promoting/anti-arousal". A2 and A3 subtypes represent “arousal/wake forces”, they are more intense and last longer, enough to trigger an awakening.
自發性的喚醒 (睡到一半突然醒來,過一會兒又繼續睡) 是睡眠的自然現象,並且隨著年紀越大而增加。隨著年紀越大,A1 亞型的百分比趨於下降,A2 和 A3 亞型的比例增加。這也許可以解釋為何年紀大的人常感到睡不好、淺眠,它可說是一種人類年歲增長的正常生理變化。
Spontaneous arousals are natural in sleep and increase over life. The percentage of subtypes A1 tend to decrease along the lifespan mirrored by the reciprocal increase of subtypes A2 and A3. This may explain why older people often feel they cannot sleep well or have shallow sleep. It can be a normal physiological change as humans age.
CAP 在猝睡症、多發性系統退化症、某些藥物影響、使用 CPAP 治療 OSA 時、以及長期睡眠剝奪後恢復的夜間睡眠期間,都會降低。
CAP is decreased in narcolepsy, multiple system atrophy, in certain cases of drug administration, with CPAP treatment for OSA, and during night-time recovery sleep after prolonged sleep deprivation.
Micro-arousals (微覺醒) 對身體健康的意義在於,當它的頻率多到一個太多的程度,睡眠結構就會破破碎碎的 (睡眠片段化 fragmented sleep structure),身體也像是進入了消耗戰,而片段化的睡眠就是造成白天嗜睡最重要的原因。另外,每一次從沉睡到整個醒來,交感神經的活性是陡然的激起,使血壓突然升高,心跳頓時加快。對健康的人來說,心血管對這種變異性(variability) 的承受度很高,所以還無所謂,但對於有心血管問題的人來說,這種頻繁的「醒來」就對身體很不好。
The significance of micro-arousal to our health is that when it appears “too much,” causing the sleep structure to be “fragmented”, it’s like the body has entered a state of war of attrition, and fragmented sleep is the main cause of daytime sleepiness. In addition, every time you wake up from deep sleep, there’s a surge of the activity of sympathetic nerves, causing a sudden increase in blood pressure and acceleration of heartbeat. Healthy people may have a high tolerance for cardiovascular variability so it doesn't matter, but for people with cardiovascular problems, this frequent "waking up" is very harmful to the body.
我們需要釐清大腦偵測到的危機是否真的存在,例如睡眠時呼吸頻繁的暫停超過十秒 (睡眠呼吸中止症)、嚴重的磨牙等等。如此一來,我們可以藉由一些處置來改善過度喚醒,身體就能得到修復的機會,心血管的壓力也能夠降低。
We need to clarify whether the “threats” detected by the brain actually exist, such as frequent apnea/hypopnea for more than ten seconds during sleep (sleep breathing disorder, OSA…), severe bruxism, etc. In this way, related management can reduce hyperarousal. This provides the body with the chance to repair, and reduce negative impact to the cardiovascular system.
排除上述因素,很多人就是因為「擔心睡不好」這個念頭讓大腦辨識為「需要保持警戒」而真的睡不著。「淺眠」也可能是身體年紀增長的一種正常變化,因此心理調適、規律運動 (有助於排除壓力) 和良好的睡眠衛生習慣就顯得更重要。
Excluding the above factors, many people have difficulty falling asleep because “the worry of can’t fall asleep" is recognized by the brain as a signal of "need to stay alert". Shallow sleep may also be a normal change in the body's aging process, so psychological adjustment, regular exercise (which helps to eliminate stress) and good sleep hygiene are even more important.
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CAP 是進入睡眠的大腦,正在因應環境中的挑戰,而持續進行著腦區之間訊息連結的重組,這種生理現象在小孩和成人的睡眠腦波都觀察得到。
CAP 也讓 vigilance (警戒)、hypervigilance (過度警戒)、和 hyperarousal (過度喚醒) 的概念以具體的圖像呈現出來。會關注白天嗜睡、睡眠呼吸中止、磨牙、不寧腿、睡眠相關動作疾患...,是因為這些都是最容易觀察到的「睡眠片段化」的徵兆,表示身體正處於消耗戰的狀態,而睡眠片段化又暗示著更多心血管疾病的高風險。也就是說,「移除徵兆」並非首要考量,我們該做的是釐清徵兆的背後是否有隱憂,危險因素能否透過現有醫療技術移除,還是它只是一種自然變動範圍的生理現象。至於打鼾、感覺有沒有睡好、磨牙的改善與否,有時就是附帶改善了,但也很多時候它們還是會存在。
對於身體的好影響和壞影響,有時是好幾年、好幾十年起跳才會被看到。只要能降低過高的警戒程度、減少睡眠片段化,長期來看對身體健康的好處會是好幾倍的。戴陽壓呼吸器(CPAP) 來降低睡眠呼吸中止指數 (AHI) 也是一樣的,不是為了止鼾,而是防止加速老化、降低中風和失智的機會。
對於醫療的目的是什麼,我常感到人們思考的太少,以及醫療端和病患 (現在有時更像「客戶」) 存在著鴻溝,甚至連醫生自己也不小心就迷失了,這也是參加了今年的睡眠年會得到的感觸。有一場是由最早提出「COMISA」一詞的Dr Alexander Sweetman本人遠從澳洲來台演講。在會後提問環節,第一個提問的是北榮心臟科醫師,她說雖然我們都知道睡眠認知行為對睡眠的重要性,也知道 CBTi 治療在台灣推行的困難,但是病人無法 CBTi 治療 (貴、沒人力、病人不要) 就算了 (無法勉強),她自己也在門診嘗試睡眠衛教,但最困難的是,她發現病人根本不相信,以及最大的差異是在台灣,病人就是自己選、自己掛號,對專科醫生來說,直接就是面對一個完全沒經過初步評估的人,可以說是病患自己檢傷、自己分科。一位醫生一天要消化大量的門診病患,根本無法一一進行詳細的問診,更別說關注到社會心理層面,然後安排諮商師一起擬定治療計畫並執行。Dr Alexander Sweetman 想了一下說,聽起來這真的是地方醫療風俗形成的困境。第二位醫師的提問就直接是「您會建議每一位說睡不好而來看診的病患,都先安排 CBTi 治療嗎?」,因為根據博士的臨床經驗與研究,好像不管是哪一種睡眠障礙都很有效!連原本CPAP都戴不好的睡眠呼吸中止症患者,光是做了CBTi 治療,呼吸中止指數就降低了!感覺超神奇。Dr Alexander Sweetman 連忙說,等等,我想各位醫師都很急切想知道該「怎麼做」「最有效」,但我想我們應該回到 COMISA 這一詞,也就是首先這是個失眠與睡眠呼吸中止共病,再來談怎麼治療。
這真是讓我印象深刻的一幕,讓我看到,原來醫生也被病人訓練成追求一種最佳路徑,重點是要「快」,而且最好是大家都可以統一這樣做就保證可以得到最棒的結果。
很多時候救命、促進健康、和減輕不適之間一點關係都沒有、或甚至是反方向。人們感受到的不舒服、不滿意,真的是一個醫療問題嗎?是可以被「解決」的嗎?我每次聽到有人跟我說菸癮戒不掉,酒不喝睡不著,或是減重好困難......他也很痛苦,然後他很擔心他的肺、擔心他的腎、擔心他的肝,醫生你就幫我把肝顧住,阿腎也要,好不好,拜託啦。我看著他ボロボロ的身體 (和心理健康) 就覺得,醫療就是這樣嗎?醫生要負責幫病人把身體顧住,好讓病人可以繼續不善待自己的身體,但可以健康的活著?如果抽了菸就會全身冒膿泡,變醜變老,七孔冒血,他還會繼續抽嗎?如果這樣就不敢抽了,那是不是現在的狀況還不至於差到讓他想做任何改變?我做的治療,是不是其實是在耽誤他做必要的改變呢?
註1:COMISA:Comorbid Insomnia and Sleep Apnea 失眠與睡眠呼吸中止共病症。
有興趣的人可以搜尋關鍵字:COMISA 和 Dr Alexander Sweetman
註2:CBTi :失眠的認知行為治療
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