Although separation from a parent is traumatic for every child, we can say that as long as the child knows that the parent is still alive, the child will cherish the hope of being reunited with them. Therefore, a child who has lost his father or mother can never hold this hope unless he/she believes in an afterlife. The stark nature of this loss, its unfairness and inexplicability, is likely to leave the child feeling that the world is futile, unpredictable, and unsafe.
死別經驗是否會導致後來的憂鬱症，是個很具爭議性的問題，因為這種經驗對每個人來說都不一樣；只是對天生有憂鬱傾向的人來說，可能成為引發憂鬱的導火線。一般認為死別經驗會影響後來罹患精神疾病的嚴重性，但無法決定精神疾病的類型。換句話說，這種失落並不特別與憂鬱、精神分裂（思覺失調）或其他精神疾病的發展有關，但發病之後，病情的加重就與這種經驗有關了。
Whether a bereavement will lead to development of depression later on is a very controversial issue, because the experience is different for everyone; but for people who have pessimistic personality traits, it may become a trigger for depression. It is generally believed that grief affects the severity of subsequent mental illness but does not determine the type of mental illness. In other words, the loss is not specifically related to the development of depression, schizophrenia, or other mental illness. Still, the exacerbation of the condition after onset is associated with the experience.
缺乏自尊很容易引發憂鬱症，而自尊取決於內在，也就是一種自己被絕對珍愛的感覺。自尊，通常是來自生命的早期，體驗過無條件的被愛著的感覺。被愛感不僅和保有自尊心有關，也與能力感有關，能力感也是樂觀的基本要素。當一個人的自尊心和能力感被削弱，將導致此人在往後面對失落時容易被擊垮。
Low self-esteem can easily lead to depression, and self-esteem comes from within – a feeling of being absolutely cherished. Self-esteem usually develops early in life when we experience the feeling of being loved unconditionally. Feeling loved is not only related to maintaining self-esteem, but also related to a sense of competence, which is also a basic element of optimism. When a person's self-esteem and sense of competence are perished, he/she will be more likely to crumble when facing losses later on.
某些早年喪親的人，一輩子都在尋找所喪失的至親，他們結婚的對象常常是讓他能夠想起父親或母親的人，或者是他可以求助的人。然而，嫁給一個像父親的人，或娶一個像母親的人，會加深無能的感覺。因為如果總是有人可以求助，有人可以提出意見或做決定，依賴者就無法培養自己的能力。這樣的人在重建自尊與能力感之前，通常難以建立成熟的愛情，取而代之的是強烈卻不穩定的人際關係，變成「更不安的依附他人」。
Some people who have been bereaved at an early age have spent their entire lives looking for their lost loved ones. They often marry someone who reminds them of their father or mother, or who they can turn to for help. However, marrying someone who is like your father, or marrying someone who is like your mother, can deepen feelings of inadequacy. Because if there is always someone to turn to, someone to give advice or make decisions for them, dependent people cannot develop their own abilities. Before such people rebuild their self-esteem and sense of competence, it is often difficult to establish mature love and relationships. Instead, they have strong but unstable relationships in which they constantly feel unease but also cannot live without the person they depend on.
依賴性也和無力感（無法處理事情的感覺）有很密切的關係，這當中的危險在於，當他依賴的對象不在了的時候，會比別人更容易感到無助，有些人的無助感會一直持續下去。不過，也有些人會以失去可依賴的人為契機，反而發掘出自己前所未知的處事能力，因為再也沒有人可以依賴了。
Dependence is also closely related to incapability (the feeling of being unable to handle things). The danger is that when the person he/she relies on is no longer around, he/she will feel more helpless than others. Some people continue to feel helpless for the rest of their life. However, some people make good use of the loss of their loved ones and discover abilities they never knew they had, because they realize they no longer have anyone to rely on.
能轉向創造性工作的人，比起那些完全依賴密切關係來獲得自尊的人，一般來說更佔優勢。寫作及其他創造性活動，可以用來積極應付失落、傷感或空虛。那些一再出現憂鬱情緒的人，如果能從事創作，就可以在創作工作中表達出難以在社交生活中展現的真實自我。
People who can turn to creative work generally have an advantage over people who rely entirely on close relationships for self-esteem. Writing and other creative activities can be used to actively cope with loss, sadness, or emptiness. Those who suffer from recurring melancholic moods, if they can engage in creative work, can express their true selves in creative work that is difficult to express in social life.
當然，創作的功能遠遠不只這些。那些遭遇喪親之痛或因某些理由而嚴重憂鬱的人，如果具備創作天賦，往往能將之運用在修復或再創造的過程中。這種過程是設法接受失落，而非企圖否認或逃避。
Of course, the functions of creation are far more than healing. Those who have experienced bereavement or severe depression for some reason, if they have creative talents, can often use them in the process of repair or recreation. This process is about trying to accept the loss rather than trying to deny or escape it.
英國小說家格蘭姆・格林承認自己時而躁狂、時而憂鬱的雙向性格，並不時需要承受憂鬱的侵襲。他在 1980 年出版的著作《逃避之道》(Ways of Escape) 中用大多數作家都知道的話來表達：「寫作是一種治療方式；那些不寫作、不作曲、不繪畫的人，他們怎麼能不發瘋、不憂鬱
，又怎能擺脫人類情境裡固有的恐慌？我有時覺得這很不可思議。」此外，這種治療方式除了自己本身，並不需要其他治療師。
British author Graham Greene admitted that he had a bipolar trait that rendered him juggling between manic and melancholy, and that he needed to withstand the overwhelming melancholy from time to time. In his 1980 book, “Ways of Escape,” he put it into words what most writers know: “Writing is a form of therapy; sometimes I wonder how all those who do not write, compose or paint can manage to escape the madness, melancholia, the panic and fear which is inherent in a human situation.” Moreover, this type of therapy does not require a therapist other than yourself.
我們知道創作家習慣孤獨，他們不去尋找可以信賴的朋友或是能幫助自己困難的人，而是運用天賦去順應、理解自身的苦難。當然，作品一旦完成，就可以與他人分享，但是面對憂鬱時的最初反應是向內，而非向外。
We know that creators are used to being alone. They do not seek friends they can rely on or people who can help them when they are in trouble. Instead, they use their talents to adapt to and understand their own behaviour. The initial reaction when faced with depression is to turn inward, not outward.
無助感是明顯的憂鬱症症狀，而創作活動就是消除症狀的方法。這是一種對症下藥的機制，一種行使控制力的方式，也是表達感情的方法。表達感情的這個行為，本身就能予人支配感，即使這個人並不特別具有天賦。
Helplessness is a clear symptom of depression, and creative activity is a way to eliminate the symptoms. Creative works can help people regain a sense of capability. It's an antidote to helplessness, a way to exercise a sense of self-control, and a way to express feelings. The very act of expressing feelings can give a person a sense of control, even if the person is not particularly gifted.
心理治療師（尤其是榮格學派的）常常建議病人在極度憤怒或絕望時，設法把情感畫出來，或至少把感受到的寫下來。許多病人在格外緊張時，都覺得嚴重受到自己的情感擺佈，害怕自己無法撐過兩個治療期之間的空擋。如果能說服他們在獨處時以某種方法去表達情感，他們的壓迫感通常會消失，並恢復某種程度的控制力。
Psychotherapists (especially those who follow Jung) often advise patients to try to draw out their emotions, or at least write down what they feel, when they are extremely angry or desperate. People often feel severely taken over by their emotions during some tense moments, and might be afraid that they would not be able to survive the gap between two treatment sessions. If they can be persuaded to express their emotions in some way when alone, their feelings of oppression usually disappear and some degree of control is restored.
‘
‘
/•᷅•᷄\୭ 做這篇的時候一直想起遊戲改編動畫 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗮𝗻𝗲《奧術》裡的 𝖩𝗂𝗇𝗑
ᡣ𐭩
Comments
Post a Comment