壓力與創傷和暴飲暴食以及其他飲食失調有關，然而比起生理和心理方面的討論，非人際創傷，也就是社會文化的論述，則相對較少。
只有當我們考慮到周遭環境與影響行為的經濟力時，才能了解此時此刻人類的處境：寂寞、憂鬱、無意義感，會促進消費與過度飲食行為。
Stress and trauma have been linked to overeating and other eating disorders. However, compared to discussions of physiological and psychological aspects, noninterpersonal factors, namely sociocultural factors, are relatively understudied.
Only when we consider the surrounding environment and the economic forces influencing behaviour can we understand what humans are facing at this moment: loneliness, depression, and a sense of meaninglessness can promote consumption and overeating.
在過去，「生產」是判斷一個人身份地位的核心組織原則，而非消費能力。然而在今日，身份地位往往無關於我們生產了什麼，而是和我們消費了什麼更有關係。這是一種社會意識型態：建立階級差別，以物質商品來決定持有者的社會地位和聲望。
在消費主義之下，當我們想要整理自己的內心世界和自我時，「獲得」與「擁有」便成為深層的心理需求，消費變成了自我發展和自我實現的工具，因為能夠消費和擁有商品，就象徵著擁有選擇和自由。
In the past, "production" capacity, rather than consumption capacity, was the core organisational principle for determining a person's social status. However, in today's consumption-driven world, social status is often less about what we produce and more about what we consume. This reflects a social ideology that establishes class differences, using material to determine the social status and prestige of its owners.
Under consumerism, when we want to organise our inner world and ourselves, "acquiring" and "owning" become deep psychological needs; consumption becomes a tool for self-development and self-realisation, because being able to consume and own goods symbolises having choice and freedom.
消費主義在更高的管理層面，則是為了全球發展的經濟意識型態。消費被視為自由貿易的驅動程式，而培養新的消費者被視為經濟發展的關鍵。結果就是以消費主義為中心，持續刺激經濟成長，以至於我們看不清到底是需求產生供給，還是因供給而產生需求。
比較重要的是，對於消費文化中的供應端與需求端，自戀和精神病態的特質都是必要的。我們會看到許多的製造業者、行銷業者、廣告業者，經常把利潤看得比大眾的健康和福祉還重要；而消費者對於自己的消費行為所產生的負面衝擊，往往只會一味的辯護並合理化。
At a higher level of governance, consumerism is an economic ideology geared towards global development. Consumption is seen as a driver of free trade, and cultivating new consumers is considered key to economic development. The result is a continuous stimulus to economic growth centred on consumerism, to the point that we can no longer discern whether demand generates supply or supply generates demand.
More importantly, narcissistic and psychopathic traits are necessary for both the supply and demand sides in consumer culture. We see many manufacturers, marketers, and advertisers who often prioritise profits over the health and well-being of the public; while consumers tend to defend and rationalise the negative impacts of their consumption behaviour.
環保學者保羅・霍肯對於消費者則抱持稍微寬容的看法，他認為人會毫無顧忌的消費，是因為大部分的時候，沒看到自己消費了什麼，其實不過是「離岸海域、礦井、養殖場、爐渣堆、垃圾掩埋場、污水處理廠」罷了。換句話說，人持續消費是因為無知與否認，而不是以為天經地義，也不是出於傲慢。
Environmental scholar Paul Hawken holds a slightly more lenient view of consumers. He believes that people consume without restraint because most of the time they don't see what they're consuming—which is essentially just "offshore waters, mines, farms, slag heaps, landfills, and sewage treatment plants." In other words, people continue to consume out of ignorance and denial, not out of a sense of entitlement or arrogance.
但我想兩者可能都有一點吧？執意的消費，牽涉到一組複雜的防衛機制，包括合理化、否認與解離，藉由這樣的機制，我們為自己與他人的行為辯護，並忽略這些行為造成的後果，也對自己所經歷的認知不協調無感。購買已經準備好的食物和物品，而不是由自己親自烹調和修理東西，都是從內控人格到外控人格這個轉變的一部分。
But I think it might be a bit of both? Deliberate consumption involves a complex set of defence mechanisms, including rationalisation, denial, and dissociation. Through these mechanisms, we justify our own and others' behaviour, ignore the consequences of these behaviours, and are insensitive to the cognitive dissonance we experience. Purchasing pre-prepared food and goods, instead of cooking and repairing them ourselves, is part of the shift from an internal locus of control to an external locus of control.
當我們將消費物品與食品的組裝和生產交給其他看不見的人，便再也不知道這些東西從什麼地方來、經過什麼人的手、對別人造成什麼樣的剝削，或是消費時對自己可能產生什麼樣的傷害。隨著時間過去，我們消極而粗心大意的更換呈現在我們面前的產品，為別人創造財富，卻同時損害我們的健康和自我。
When we entrust the assembly and production of consumer goods and food to unseen individuals, we no longer know where these things come from, who handled them, what kind of exploitation they cause others, or what harm they might cause to ourselves when we consume them. Over time, we passively and carelessly replace the products presented to us, creating wealth for others while simultaneously harming our own health and sense of self.
身在現代的我們，也許很難看出擁有「自我」的概念，也就是生而為人的意義，在文化和歷史上有多麼的獨特。感覺上好像人一直以來便擁有自我意志，是高度獨立而獨特的個體，但事實上，這種概念在人類的歷史上算是相當新進的發展，可能連一個世紀都不到。
維多利亞時期的人深深感到儲蓄之必要，對於性慾和好鬥的衝動必須自我節制，然而現在的人則深深感到花錢之必要，並鼓勵自己的衝動。而對企業來說，就是有效的將利益個人化，代價公共化、社會化。
Living in the modern world, we may find it difficult to see how unique the concept of "self," the meaning of being human, truly is in our culture and history. It seems as if humans have always possessed self-will, as highly independent and unique individuals, but in reality, this concept is a relatively recent development in human history, perhaps less than a century old.
People in the Victorian era deeply felt the necessity of saving and the need to restrain their sexual desires and aggressive impulses; however, people today deeply feel the necessity of spending money and encourage their impulses. For businesses, this means effectively personalising profits while making the public and society pay the costs.
「消費」被用來填補工作倫理衰敗後留下的認同真空，其他還有喪失社群和共同意義，焦慮和沮喪，都是助長過度消費廣為蔓延的先決條件。消費主義的價值觀則強化了貧窮效應，藉由更多的渴望，製造一種情緒上的貧窮感。人們愈來愈相信，所有的問題，從各種臨床上的病症，到更加普遍的空虛感，都源自於這個受限制的自我，於是轉而藉由消耗藥物、生活消費品、食物等個人消費，來治療上述種種疾病。
"Consumption" is used to fill the identity vacuum left by the decline of work ethics. Other factors, such as the loss of community and shared meaning, anxiety, and depression, are prerequisites for the widespread overconsumption. Consumerism's values reinforce the poverty effect, creating a sense of emotional poverty through increased desire. People increasingly believe that all problems, from various clinical symptoms to a more pervasive sense of emptiness, stem from this limited self, and thus turn to personal consumption—such as drugs, goods, and food—to treat these ailments.
物質主義會造成不快樂，反之，不快樂也能成就物質主義。令消費主義得以長存不滅的文化、經濟、心理勢力，是可以循環再生的。它們使人經由消費而產生不快樂，卻也同時在人心中植入一個訊息：當我們感到不快樂時，買東西就是解藥。
以消費主義處理心理上的需求，正是過度消費和過度飲食的成因。消費文化的崛起，使得或貧或富，都捲入過度飲食的現象中。換言之，過度飲食是消費主義在邏輯上的合理結果。
Materialism breeds unhappiness, and conversely, unhappiness fuels materialism. The cultural, economic, and psychological forces that allow consumerism to endure are self-looping and regenerative. They cause unhappiness through consumption, but simultaneously implant a message in people's minds: when we feel unhappy, buying things is the way out.
Using consumerism to address psychological needs is precisely the cause of overconsumption and overeating. The rise of consumer culture has drawn both the rich and the poor into the phenomenon of overeating. In other words, overeating is a logically reasonable consequence of consumerism.
以個人層面來看，要治療過度飲食，不能只是調整飲食或服用藥物，還必須重新思考自身的日常飲食和與消費文化的關係。
On a personal level, treating overeating requires more than just adjusting diet or taking medication; it necessitates a rethinking of our daily eating habits and relationship with consumer culture.
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